Holborne †Pavane and Galliard Essay

Holborne’s Pavane ‘The image of melancholy’ and Galliard ‘Ecce quam bonum’ (Behold, how good a thing is) are two pieces that belong to the genre of ‘consort music’, a form of domestic music that made its appearance in Elizabethan England. A consort may have derived from the French ‘concert’ which implied an ensemble of instruments or voices that perform. In later years, from about 1575, ‘Broken consorts’ were introduced and these included mixed ensembles. The usual instrumentation for a broken consort was lutes, viols (treble and bass) and flute. Consorts of viols began to appear during the time of Henry VIII with the earliest source of the music being a songbook of Henry VIII, found after his death that included copies of Viol consorts. There are three main types of consorts, one being the Pavane and Galliard, which is a dance form. In many of the pieces, the writing was very similar to that of contemporary writing for voices; therefore it was usually polyphonic in texture. When paired together, the Pavane usually takes the more melancholy character, while the Galliard a more cheerful one which is shown in these two movements by Holborne. Although dance forms were used for both movements, the dense counterpoint provides melodic interest for all five players and also listeners, which suggests the music to be more for listening than dancing. Not much is known about Holborne, but he did publish two collections of music with about 120 works altogether.

How to Solve Youth Unemployment Essay

One in five young adults in Britain is unemployed, more than twice the rate for the workforce as a whole. And (temporarily, I hope) I am one of them. Yet I am convinced there has never been a better time to be young. The world is bursting with opportunity; every day, new inventions answer questions we had never thought to ask. It’s time to tackle youth unemployment in that spirit; as Einstein said, â€Å"we can’t solve problems by using the same kind of thinking we used when we created them.† Generation Y should stop asking â€Å"why me?† and start asking â€Å"why not?† First, we must adopt the right mindset: positive in outlook and global in ambition. For optimism stems, not from denying change, but from recognizing the possibilities it presents. The job-for-life has gone – but so has the tedium of career monogamy. International competition has intensified – but also opened up new opportunities abroad. Woolworths, Borders and Comet won’t be hiring again – but if Amazon brought them down, simultaneously it is enabling sole traders and aspiring authors to reach a wider audience than ever before. So let’s forget misplaced nostalgia and address the heart of the problem. Youth unemployment has been rising for a decade; the financial crisis can’t take all the blame, but it can teach us to challenge easy assumptions. â€Å"Education is getting better† – but by indiscriminately awarding top grades, aren’t exam boards just aping credit ratings agencies? â€Å"Everyone must go to university† – but since housing crashed when supply exceeded demand, are we surprised the same happened with graduates? â€Å"Studying is always a good investment† – yet if excessive leverage can bring down banks and even governments, should students continue amassing record debts with only wishful thinking as collateral? Education reform should be a priority. At university level, online courses potentially enable students to better align their programme with their interests and circumstances. They provide welcome competition to established institutions; let’s support them. A â€Å"DIY† approach to study is both increasingly possible and often necessary; indeed, many of the best coders are self-taught. We should sponsor entrepreneurship as PayPal co-founder, Peter Thiel, has done with his â€Å"20 Under 20† initiative, encouraging smart youngsters to believe in themselves and not to fear failure. And we should drop the snobbery; real-world experience such as travel or volunteering can yield greater benefits than the narrow, rigid and costly undergraduate degree to which we mistakenly still attach totemic significance. The school curriculum, too, needs to offer courses with real business value to help school leavers find work. It is hardly â€Å"dumbing down† if it engages pupils and better equips them for adulthood. Employers have a far greater role to play. They now expect to train and re-train people continuously – there were no Android developers 10 years ago – so why not start younger? Instead of complaining that new hires arrive ill-prepared, companies should connect with them earlier by providing mentors and apprenticeships, building on the concept of the â€Å"talent incubator†. It will improve their business and give young people a sense of responsibility and purpose – not to mention more routes into the workplace. Third, let’s encourage mentoring more widely. A few years ago I worked with a Prince’s Trust pilot programme which stationed mentors in some of the country’s most deprived areas. We reached out to young people who often had no one else to help them write a CV, apply for training or prepare for an interview. I saw how reassurance and motivation can do wonders for their mindset and morale, and hence their employability. Companies, community groups, Service veterans, and individual volunteers (that’s you and me) should all get involved. For underprivileged youngsters in particular, a good mentor represents both an anchor and a sail. Fourth, we should focus our energies where the problem is most acute, in the communities where the rising tide that typically â€Å"lifts all boats† merely hides the wrecks. No one is more desperate than children of workless families: without someone to look up to, their odds of finding gainful employment are far worse than four-in-five. Where we can reform the benefits system to further incentivize work, where we can more constructively help people re-train, we should do so – but it requires human input too. We who have been fortunate – good job, good education, loving family – should return the favour. It is not enough to say, â€Å"I pay my taxes†. Civic society cannot flourish on gold alone; it needs love. An introduction, a reference, a receptive ear: it needn’t take much to give someone a leg up in life. It has become contentious to say, â€Å"we are in it together†. But we are certainly stronger together. Finally, we should remove barriers to job creation. Employers’ National Insurance increases the cost of employing someone; if we want to boost employment, there mustbe smarter ways to raise revenue than by taxing jobs. We should also look again at well-intentioned labour laws that protect incumbent workers but often hinder businesses from responding to change and hiring new talent. It is not clear that this makes staff any safer – not at General Motors, Hostess Brands or Scandinavian Airlines – but it does help to explain why joblessness remains highest among the young. Youth unemployment has deep roots. Combating it requires us to challenge conventional wisdom: by removing, where possible, disincentives to hire and to work; by reforming schools and universities; by ramping up apprenticeships and mentoring. Teachers and parents, business leaders and policy makers all have a crucial part to play. It will not be easy; the march of progress – â€Å"creative destruction†, in Schumpeter’s phrase – is not without its casualties. Yet creativity is what we youngsters do best. Our fresh, radical and positive minds must seize the initiative, continually re-imagining the future amid the whirlwind of the present. We need leaders. There’s a job for the young, right away.

Personal Statement Essay

My name is Cheng Tzy Terng. My former school is Kian Kok Middle School. Now I am studying Cambridge A-Level Commerce course at Institut Sinaran. I take business studies, accounting, economics and mathematics. I wish to study accounting and finance in the university. I want to be an accountant. I study A-Level because A-Level is very important to me. When I was in Kian kok Middle school, I was in commerce stream. My choice is to study A-Level. I take four subjects that are business studies, accounting, economics and mathematics. I take business studies because I can know some business knowledge, business advantages and disadvantages. I take accounting because can know the formulae to count how much profit to earn or loss. I take economics because to learns how to control my personal and business economics. I take mathematics because to improve my problem-solving skills. I think that A-Level subjects are very important to me and for my results to enter university. Then, I must take accounting and finance in university. I think that those A-Level subjects that I take must relate to university. I think that Commerce subjects are fun because that is easy, logics, interesting and others. Commerce subjects are related psychology, sociology, mathematics, art and other subjects those are include. I hope that I can earn my master in accounting and finance in university. Commerce subjects those are very important to me. I hope that I can to be an accountant. When I was studying Cambridge A-Level Commerce, those subjects also apply in my career. Accounting that can calculate how much profit or loss in business. Business studies that can helps me to know business knowledge, business advantages and disadvantages. Economics that helps me for my personal savings and control my personal economics that I use. Mathematics that helps me improves problem-solving skills. When I am free, I learns other languages, computer skills, martial arts, and other skills. I also know that I must be more independent, responsible, more logics and creative, and other personalities and some values that are important to get a new career. My SPM result got over five credits. I got a credit in LCCI Level 1 bookkeeping. I hope that I can get LCCI Level 3 in accounting with distinction and some others that I think is very important to me must be achieved. My leisure interest is playing online games, some mind games and board games. I like that interest because it can training my brain and be more creative, logics and other skills. My leisure interest are also surf internet because I can save some money to find information and faster than searching in the book. I hope that the university will accept me as a student. I hope that I want to be an accountant.

The Brooklyn Arm of Starbucks Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Brooklyn Arm of Starbucks - Assignment Example Below are the proposed steps: Pre-advertising campaign Understanding the expectations of the target audience is of prime importance. We plan to conduct a random-sample research (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.phptitle=Sampling_%28statistics%29&oldid=226589926 ) on what the Brooklyn people expect at Starbucks. For example, they could want a particular flavor peculiar to them. This will help us to have a strong base on which we can build our branding. Re-branding Starbucks already has a strong brand image. We intend to capitalize on it and give it a regional twist to make the branch an instant success. For this, we plan to work on a new profile, specifically catering to Brooklyn, a new tag-line, and a new menu card. With our pre-advertising campaign, we'd also be able to suggest new flavors based on the peoples' opinions. Media Plan Ad Campaigns Prior to the launch of the branch, we plan to use modes such as flyers and pamphlets that could be given out at busy eat-outs, malls and other areas where people meet. Print Ads Print advertisements have a longer shelf life and people retain information very well. Two weeks before the launch, along-side the pamphlets and the flyers, we could advertise in the local dailies. Launch With the campaigns people will be aware of the date, time, and location of Starbucks Coffee new branch launch. Schedule This section describes the project timeline. S.No. Phase Scope Timeline 1. Phase I Conduct a pre-advertising campaign to understand the community's expectations. August 2008 - October 2008 2. Phase II Re-branding October 2008 - November 2008 3. Phase III Ad campaigns December 2008 4. Phase IV Launch January 2009 Resource Distribution This section will describe the project team... Starbucks already has a strong brand image in New York and plans to capitalize on the same in making its new branch a success. For this, Starbucks requires a local Advertising Agency to work out a complete brand building plan for its launch. We have catered to several clients at Brooklyn by researching and understanding the community. All our projects; print and electronic, have been great successes. Our strength lies in our team of brilliant advertising professionals. Understanding the expectations of the target audience is of prime importance. We plan to conduct a random-sample research (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.phptitle=Sampling_%28statistics%29&oldid=226589926 ) on what the Brooklyn people expect at Starbucks. For example, they could want a particular flavor peculiar to them. This will help us to have a strong base on which we can build our branding. Starbucks already has a strong brand image. We intend to capitalize on it and give it a regional twist to make the branch an instant success. For this, we plan to work on a new profile, specifically catering to Brooklyn, a new tag-line, and a new menu card. With our pre-advertising campaign, we'd also be able to suggest new flavors based on the peoples' opinions. We plan to outsource the pre-advertising campaign to a local marketing research co

EXEMPTION CLAUSES ( contract ) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

EXEMPTION CLAUSES ( contract ) - Essay Example It quickly became clear that the car is seriously defective and that it will cost at least  £1000 to deal with the problems. Thomas Co always offer to those who buy cars from them, the opportunity to purchase a service contract covering parts and labour on the car purchased for 2 years. Smith Co have always declined such offers from Thomas Co. The conclusion of this paper is meant to give advice to Smith Co., hence, the main issue here is whether or not Thomas Company could be held liable for the damage in excess of the  £100 on defective car purchased by Smith Co. considering the presence of the limitation of the liability as indicated in the contract. To settle this main issue I may use the three tests and they are incorporation, construction and UCTA. To determine whether the provision of the contract containing the clause: ‘Thomas Co limits its liability for any breach of the terms implied by ss13-15 of the Sale of Goods Act 1979 to  £100’ would be deemed incorporated or part of the contract; and therefore should bind the parties in the contract, there is a need to examine the facts if they are consistent on the present status of the law. Case facts tell us that Smith Co has made a number of similar purchases of cars from Thomas Co in the past. Although normally, Thomas Co asks its customers to sign its standard terms, containing the standard clause of limiting liability, the case at bar, the purchase by Smith Co was agreed over the telephone and Smith Co were never asked to sign the standard terms. Hence the logical issue is: Was the verbal agreement made orally a continuation of previous transactions of Smith Co with Thomas Co. where there was the limiting clause? Can we imply that Smith Co. should be covered by the standard clause of limited liability considering that it is the practice of Thomas to ask its customers to sign its standard terms? It is may be argued that the purchase made

Preparing Risk Management Guidelines Assignment

Preparing Risk Management Guidelines - Assignment Example ated and economical application of resources to minimize, monitor and control the probability and /or impact of unfortunate events (Howells & Schulze, 2009, p. 89). There are various causes of business risks such as natural causes, financial risks, market risks, credit risks, accidents, legal liabilities, and projects failures among others. A business should have well defined strategies to manage and control various risks that may occur in business including the contractual and vicarious liabilities (Austen-Baker, 2011). The risk management guidelines will help the business management to establish resources for designing and delivering professional and effective risk management strategies during execution of business its operations. The parties in a contract must follow the right channel of communication in order to minimize liability. For example, if some conditions arise that makes discharge of the contractual duties impossible or delayed the party should communicate with the other party immediately and agree on the best course of action to take (Austen-Baker, 2011). The most common methods of managing risks in business includes averting of risks, transfer of risk to a third-party such as insurance, reducing the negative impact of risks and acceptance of some or all consequences of risks (Stone & Devenney, 2014). The parties to the contract should do all they can to avoid the occurrence of risk during the implementation of the contract. If one party failed to perform according to the contract and the other party had an opportunity to mitigate the loss suffered due to partial performance or lack of performance of the contract, both parties will be held responsible, and the offended will be liable for contribut ory negligence. The damages that the offender can pay in such a case are reduced by the amount of damage contributed by the offended person as stated in the case of Nettleship v Weston [1971] 2 QB 691 in which the trainee driver was held partly accountable

Managing Public and Private Organizations Research Paper

Managing Public and Private Organizations - Research Paper Example Most importantly, effective leadership significantly reduces power distances across people by building constructive relationship based on mutual respect and cross-cultural understanding. This motivates the workforce to work on common goals with greater sense of responsibility and accountability. Q2. Discuss the factors that influence individual behavior. (Chap 11) The major factors that influence individual behaviour are personal value system, cultural paradigms, self-efficacy and hierarchy of needs. Personal value system is important issue that serves as guideline for individual behaviour. The ethical considerations and moral code of actions influence and guide one’s actions and general behaviour. In the era of rapid globalization, diversity has become a key issue and cultural paradigms have emerged as pertinent factors that not only give distinct identity to individuals but also provide them with unique cultural identities. Hierarchy of needs vis-a-vis physiological, social security, self-esteem and self-actualization, of individuals motivates them to change their behaviour and work towards achievement of their desired goals. Q3. Discuss how behavior management can be utilized to motivate employees. (Chap 11) Behaviour management is crucial psychological tool used within management funda that helps to streamline and encourage right attitude and behaviour across employees in an organization. Behaviour management relies on the code of conduct and in creating a facilitating environment of motivation and re-enforcement with regard to the various needs and requirements of the employees (Dessler, 2007). Thus, merit based performance, incentives, reward and punishment etc. become key ingredients of behaviour management within an organization. SMART goals comprising specific, measurable, attainable, relevant and timely, are set by individuals to achieve their short term and long term personal and professional goals. Q4. Describe the communication process and h ow barriers to communication can be overcome.  Ã‚  (Chap 12) Effective communication facilitates in developing mutual respect and cross-cultural understanding that helps to resolve workplace conflicts and promote efficient, goal based teamwork to achieve organizational goals and objectives (Bateman & Snell, 2009). The major barrier to communication is the lack of cross-cultural values and psychological barriers like low self- esteem of people who may belong to diverse culture, race, colour and ethnicity. Understanding of cross-cultural values helps build strong relationship based on trust and mutual respect. Thus, overcoming the barriers of communication has emerged as powerful tool to develop cohesive work environment that motivates workforce to work for common goals collectively. Q5. Discuss how technology can be utilized to improve an organization’s informal communication.  Ã‚  (Chap 12) Technology has significantly redefined communication (Reynolds, 2010). The compute r, internet and other technological gizmos like smart phones have become important facilitators of communication. Through the use of electronic boards, email, video-conferencing etc. organizations promote informal communication across the workers. The electronic boards have become popular platforms for sharing information and solving queries. Encouraging workers for

Summarize chopin's The Story Of An Hour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Summarize chopin's The Story Of An Hour - Essay Example On the list of people who were killed in the accident, he saw Brently Mallard, Mrs. Mallard’s husband. He went to the house to tell her. Although Josephine and Richard’s feared that the news would kill Mrs. Mallard, the news made her happy. The more Mrs. Mallard thought about her husband being dead, the better she felt. She relished the idea and was getting used to it. Just as she was feeling free, she looked out her window and saw many images that were also a sign of freedom. For example, Mrs. Mallard observed the impending spring rain, the songs of the birds, and the blue sky. Mrs. Mallard was happy for the first time in her life. She would not be under the thumb of her husband anymore and she would be able to live as she wanted. â€Å"Free, Free, Free† (par. 10) she exclaims, as a rush of that freedom washed over her while she sat in the chair. She was giddy from the thought of this wonderful freedom. Mrs. Mallard felt so happy that she cried and laughed at th e same time. She, nor her family thought that perhaps Mr. Mallard had not been on the train. When Mr. Mallard walks through the door, as though nothing had happened, Mrs. Mallard felt a sudden sense of shock and disappointment. As a result, Mrs. Mallard’s heart gave out and she died of

Greek history reading analyze in comparing character of Helen in two Essay

Greek history reading analyze in comparing character of Helen in two reading - Essay Example In this account, Helen is portrayed as a victim of circumstances who had no choice but to go with Paris and succumb to his every whim and demand in order to save her life. In the poem we see Helen "dressed herself in fine silvery linens and came out of her bedroom crying softly" when she heard of Menelaus' attack on Sparta clearly illustrating she had no alternative but to wait and see what the aftermath of the war will bring for her future. Later, talking to Paris's father, she says, "death should have been a sweeter evil to me" explaining that she should have taken her own life than yield to Paris's seizure. She incriminates herself by calling herself a "shameless bitch" for yielding to his demands. Furthermore, she is seen as very embarrassed to have had her family find her in a situation which she apparently had no choice. There are several colors to Helen's character that are portrayed in Homer's Iliad. She calls herself a "hateful wife" when she thinks of Menelaus winning her away from Paris. On Paris's return and eventual defeat in the Trojan War, Helen reproofs him by telling him he should have been killed by Menelaus, a "real hero" In the Iliad, Helen is represented as a prey plucked from her serene life with her husband and taken away by Paris to be subjected to subservience despite her many objections. She is shown to have compassion, guilt, love and even acceptance in the way she lives her life in Paris's kingdom awaiting her end. However, in Helen a play by Euripides, the playwright puts the theory that Helen was a victim of circumstances down and has something else to say. Helen is sought by Menelaus, a grieving husband, who wants to bring her to justice by killing her following the rumors that she went to Paris willingly and was not abducted after all. Hecuba, Paris's mother describes Helen as a woman who "captivates you with longing", "destroys cities" and "sets homes aflame". While Helen defends herself saying that she was bought and sold for her beauty and has been blameless even attempting to run away, Hecuba negates this by saying she should have hung herself if she was so desperate to get out. Helen states she was kept as a wife by her new husband "in defiance of the Trojans" and Hecuba negates that as well. She is characterized as a vicious and calculating woman who Hecuba states "saw my son in the splendor of gold" and "looked forward to a deluge of extravagance" while Helen says she grieves the death of the Trojans. This is a total contradiction to what the Homer states in the Iliad. Essentially, Helen has been depicted as the cause of the war between the Trojans and the Greeks whatever the truth may or may not have been. Homer too has treated Helen as a cause of war but also as a helpless victim of her celebrated beauty. There could be any number of reasons why Euripides depicted Helen in a negative light. Some scholars say that it is impossible for so many heads of states / cities to leave their work to go all the way to Troy to rescue a chit of a woman to whom they did not have much interest in except for her renowned beauty. At the time this story is placed, a lot of women and children were abducted and sold in slavery in Troy and it is thought by some scholars that this was the reason so many city heads brought about the Trojan War. This theory is followed by the hypothesis that Helen never existed! It was all a ply to put the Trojans down for their illegal slave trade. However, if

Prisoner Torture Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Prisoner Torture - Research Paper Example In spite of the severe implications that the technique has on the criminals or the suspected offenders, torture is legally accepted in many countries as a way of extracting confession and preventing crime (Paust, 2005, p821). Regardless of the level of the crime that a person has committed, it is unacceptable to use torture methods as a way of obtaining confession from the captive because it is a violation of human rights in addition to being ineffective and against religious beliefs. Any form of torture is a violation of human rights. According to Alfred (2006, p 62), prisoners retain their human rights and the basic freedoms with exception of the conditions presented by the environment within the areas of incarceration. However, the conditions of the incarceration should not exacerbate the suffering that is inherent in the prison. Torture is one of the most common methods that violate the fundamental human rights of the prisoners. However, the international law provides protection to all prisoners against any form of torture by prohibiting the practice. According to Alfred (2006, p69), the prohibition is an issue of jus cogens, an authoritative standard of the international law custom that bids all countries in the world. ... This is totally unacceptable because unlike other forms of human suffering, authorized persons carry out torture deliberately. In this respect, the most important aspect of torture is not only the pain, but also the fact that it is intentionally inflicted on a person to achieve a particular objective including obtaining confession from a person. Other forms of torture include deprivation of basic needs such as sleep, food and other necessities, which result to a lot of pain or suffering to the deprived person (Basoglu, 2009, p137). Although the immediate effect of torture is physical and mental suffering, Basoglu (2009, p 143) noted that another immediate impact and objective of the practice is to break the spirit or resoluteness of a prisoner. Torture is structured to demolish the identity of a strong person, making him or her conform to the ideologies of particular leader in authority. Autocratic and intolerant regimes in different countries apply torture to silence opposition, uni on, ethnic and leaders of the minority groups into submission. This treatment is violation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which articulates the basic rights of people in 30 articles. Torture violates human rights because it lowers the dignity of the prisoner and it threatens his right to life, freedom and security by inflicting mental and physical pain. Moreover, the universal declaration of human rights prohibits any form of cruel, degrading and inhuman treatment (Parry, 2003, p241). One of the most repugnant characteristics of torture is that it erodes the dignity of one person by another (Lawrence and Travis, 2004). Torture, is a form of asserting authority and control by inflicting

The Split between the Orthodox and the Roman Catholic Church Research Paper

The Split between the Orthodox and the Roman Catholic Church - Research Paper Example It continually gained a significant number of converts and eventually became one of the world’s strongest religions. During the postclassical civilization, Christianity took the centre stage as it played a vital role both in Western and Eastern parts of Europe. Christianity is believed to have begun as part of Jewish reform movement. Even before the birth of Jesus, some Jews had begun to preach about the coming messiah. The Jews had the belief that the birth of Jesus would bring salvation to mankind, and judgement as well to those who failed to honour salvation. Christianity transformed from the persecuted group of believers over a long period of time, alongside the harsh and vastly changing political environment in Europe. During the fourth and the fifth century, the Roman Empire collapsed. This enhanced the growth of a very powerful church that remained on course for a very long time. All this collapse resulted in subjugation of the church. The early followers of Christ began to spread the gospel throughout the Roman Empire. It began with one the earliest converts like Saul, who was converted to Paul, and his major task was an assignment to take the Christ’s message around the Mediterranean region. Wherever he went, he created churches and constantly wrote letters to them. The early churches shared their common belief in Christ and were united in their worship; they usually met together, shared the scriptures and listened to one another. They were very caring and were usually bonded together. However, as time went by â€Å"Christians began to disagree as to who should lead the groups, the form the worship should take, and how Christian beliefs should be understood. This led to splits within the Christian church† (Jordan 5). It has been observed that the early churches enhanced their unity through faith. They had unity of the doctrine and the traditions that existed in the churches, and this led to

Impacts of Motivation in Employee Performance Essay Example for Free

Impacts of Motivation in Employee Performance Essay 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Back Ground of the Study The study was attempted to investigate analytically the major causes of employees’ motivation in Commercial Bank of Ethiopia. To accomplish this, the research was considered to take appropriate data that relevant to the problem. Since, Commercial Bank of Ethiopia is the major sector that supports the current development of Ethiopia economy and the five years of transformation plan, so it should be better to take study to identify the major causes that affects of employees’ motivation toward their work and to propose necessary tools of solution to mitigate the problem. This will be at least a solution currently and in the future for the organization. The major initiatives to conduct this study are also one of the researchers is working in Commercial Bank of Ethiopia that observe most of employees are not satisfied or motivated to work. This forced the rest researchers to examine the basic problems of human resource management unable to conduct how frequently motivate employees’ in the existing work place using financial and non financial tools. If this problems not solved, it may affects the image of the organization, belongingness workers etc†¦gradually. Considering this, it should be necessary to conduct study to identify the major causes of employees’ dissatisfaction in their work place that affects motivation, and the drawback of motivation packages relative to the image of the organization and its strategic plan which is to be â€Å"Classic Bank In The World†. To do an extensive study, the researcher performed methodological ways of gathering data pursuant to the problems and objective of the study paper. The employees are one of the vital resources or ingredient that will help organization to achieve its objectives. Employees supply their talents, knowledge, skill and experience towards to the achievement of organizational objectives. To get maximum performance from employees, the organization must have the necessary motivational scheme that encourages employees for better performance. Optimizing performance of employees by motivational factors is challenging and sensitive due to uniqueness of working force which came to organization from different socio-economical background. Performances of motivated employees create high productivity, innovativeness and good attitudes towards the organizations. There is a relationship between motivational factors and some facts of the employees behavior such as performance, turnover, absenteeism, poor attendance, willingness to do more, creativity, flexibility, and commitment to the organization. So motivation has important implications because it affects the individual quality of work, life, and performance. Therefore, managers are expected to have necessary skill on how to motivate employees. Commercial Bank of Ethiopia as a service rendering organization thereby maximizing its profit, its quality of service is highly determined by devotion of its employees. Therefore, the bank has to give importance to the recruitment of educated employees, to staff training and the improvement of workers’ benefit packages. Besides, it has to revise its benefit package with a view to motivating its staff towards greater efficiency and competence. In general, the study was focused on to investigate the real causes of employees’ dissatisfaction at their work place in the Bank and its impacts toward the image, rest of employees’ belongingness. 1.2 Back Ground of the Organization Currently, the Commercial Bank Ethiopia (CBE) has 15 district offices and above 300 branches throughout the country serving as market outlets. As the largest bank and development partner of the Ethiopian Government, the CBE has transferred Birr 1.23 Billion in 2008 1 to the coffers/treasure of the state. In 2005/2006, the market share of the Bank was 24% and 76% for credit extension and deposit mobilization, in that order. The Commercial Bank of Ethiopia (CBE) is the leading Bank in the country. It has over 8,600 employees and close to 2 million accounts holders throughout the country, and total asset of Birr 73.7billion, total deposit and other liabilities of Birr 56.1 billion and outstanding loans of Birr 22.9 billion, and close to 70 years of solid accumulated banking experience. The CBE is in the forefront of the banking industry in meeting the financial needs of the various sectors, sub-sectors and ongoing varied investment projects in the economy. It has diversified credit portfolio with loan facilities extended ranging from farmers’ cooperatives to commercial farmers and large manufacturing and construction project. Commercial Bank of Ethiopia currently has given services for customers such as Deposit, Loan service, foreign currency service etc†¦ The CBE has a vision to be world a worldwide class commercial bank by 2025.It has also set a strategy of exceeding customers and stake holder’s expectation through service excellence and business growth supporting the development efforts in the country. Commercial Bank of Ethiopia currently played a great role for the development of the economy to achieve the million goal of the country. (CBE Public Relations Documentation, 2011). 1.3 Statement of the Problem It is obvious that currently Commercial Bank of Ethiopia is a major blood for the current economic growth of Ethiopia. In order to fulfill this, the company mobilized big amount of foreign and domestic currency to facilitate and support high investment process in the economy. To perform effectively this, the firm should have well developed human resource management tools to enhance the work forces motivation toward their work which help to create loyal and belonging employees in the work area. This has a direct relationship with the service quality level to satisfy the existing and prospect customers. Moreover to introduce new and modern type of working system throughout the organization, there should be also a sound strategy of workers motivation program, which helps to increase workers retention in the bank. Organizations that only focus on its goal, without considering the factors of employees motivation toward their works has become a cause of fragility of the business in the long run. In this essence, employees that are not satisfied in their organization could not be initiated to exert more efforts effectively in the organization, instead they will look for other opportunities externally and vote with their feet by moving their allegiance to competitors, and this will affect the firms in the long run. The outcomes of the research will help the organization to take the necessary corrective measurements in the future and to revise its motivation strategy of employees. Because of the above major problems, the existing employees’ lack confidence on the bank. Moreover, the bank faces problem of employees’ turnover due to lack of effective motivation, this also results in high cost of getting experienced employees and recruiting of new one. Therefore; regarding the above problem, the study attempted to respond the following basic research questions. 1.What is the feeling and attitudes of employees towards to motivational factors used in Commercial Bank of Ethiopia? 2.What are the consequences of job dis-satisfaction in Commercial Bank of Ethiopia? 3.What are the consequences of lack of motivated employees’ performance? 4.What is the effect of motivation on employees’ loyalty to the organization? 5.What kind of action should be taken by the bank to increase employees’ motivation toward work areas? 6.What are the basic factors for employees’ motivation in the work area? Is it financial or non financial benefits? 1.4 Objective of the study Due to lack of effective motivation, most employees are dissatisfied to their work place; this creates desperate work forces that perform their work till to get other opportunities of work in order to get the root of the problem the study set the following objectives. General objective The general objective of the study was to identify the causes and impacts of lack of employees’ motivation and to identify the basic causes of dissatisfaction of employees to ward their work, which aggravated lack of employees’ motivation. Specific Objective †¢To indicate which is the basic factors for lack of employees motivation currently in the bank †¢To show the relation between lack of employees’ motivation impacts and employees’ turnover. †¢To assess the potential consequences of lack of employees’ motivation in the Bank. †¢ To set appropriate recommendation for the problem based on the findings. 1.5 Significance of the study The study identified the major causes of employees’ dissatisfaction, which is a major factor that affects motivation of employees at the work area. The outcomes of the research help to increase employees’ satisfaction at their works that support to increase the service level of customers’ satisfaction. Moreover, increase of work force motivation has also a direct relationship to minimize turnover in the bank. The other advantages of increase of motivation of employees at the work area are enables employees to enhance their loyalty for the organization and at the same time employees’ belongingness increase. This also helps for the reputation of the image of the bank. Employees will increase their efficiency to serve their customers with smiling face. Moreover also; the study provided a hint for other researchers as a reference, and the findings of the study will help to give valuable information for top management to establish new system to increase employe es’ motivation. 1.6 Scope of the study The study considered major causes of employees’ lack of motivation in the Bank especially focusing in the area of Addis Ababa core operation. It scopes limited to study employees’ lack of motivation in Addis Ababa area only, by taking as a population and sample of the existing employees. 1.7 Limitation of the Study The major limitation of the study is constraints of time and collecting appropriate data from respondents since there was few samples unwillingness to return the questionnaires properly. 1.8 Research Methodology 1.8.1 Research Design The study applied the following types of research method to investigate the problems. The research is designed by using both Primary Secondary data. 1.8.2 Source of Data Methods of Data Collection The method of data collection carried out by distribution of questioners, which consist of both closed and open-end questioners. The questioners were being the main instrument of primary data collection. The secondary data gathered from different books, literature review, internet and printed materials. 1.8.3Sampling Design Techniques A sampling technique of random sampling adopted by taking the sample from the selected four city branches and two departments of Manager and non-manager line staff employees of commercial bank of Ethiopia. The total population was taken 200. 1.8.4Methods of Data Analysis Descriptive and explanatory methods of data analysis applied. Test hypothesis for possible interdependence and effect relation ships conducted for easy understanding of trends of some patterns of distribution, table, percentage and interpretation of data conducted based on the response and theoretical concepts. 1.9 Organization of the paper The study paper included four chapters. The first chapter is about the introduction part which contains back ground, statement of problems, objective of the study, significance, methodology of research, limitation of the study and organization of the paper. In Chapter II, Theoretical concepts from internet are included. Chapter III included the important part of the study, which is data analysis and interpretation, this lead to the final Chapter IV, which described the summary of findings, conclusions and recommendation of the paper. CHAPTER TWO 2. LITERATURE REVIEW OF MOTIVATION 2.1 Motivation and Motivation Theory The term motivation is derived from the Latin word movere, meaning to move. Motivation can be broadly defined as the forces acting on or within a person that cause the arousal, direction, and persistence of goal-directed, voluntary effort. Motivation theory is thus concerned with the processes that explain why and how human behavior is activated. (http://www.csb.gov.hk/hkgcb/hrm/pdf.fcle/e-motivation). The broad rubric of motivation and motivation theory is one of the most frequently studied and written-about topics in the organizational sciences, and is considered one of the most important areas of study in the field of organizational behavior. Despite the magnitude of the effort that has been devoted to the study of motivation, there is no single theory of motivation that is universally accepted. The lack of a unified theory of motivation reflects both the complexity of the construct and the diverse backgrounds and aims of those who study it. To delineate these crucial points, it is illuminating to consider the development of motivation and motivation theory as the objects of scientific inquiry. (http://www.csb.gov.hk/hkgcb/hrm/pdf.fcle/e-motivation). 2.2 Historical Development Early explanations of motivation focused on instincts. Psychologists writing in the late 19th and early twentieth century have suggested that human beings were basically programmed to behave in certain ways, depending upon the behavioral cues to which they were exposed. Sigmund Freud, for example, argued that the most powerful determinants of individual behavior were those of which the individual was not consciously aware. (http://www.csb.gov.hk/hkgcb/hrm/pdf.fcle/e-motivation). According to Motivation and Leadership at Work (Steers, Porter, and Bigley, 1996), in the early twentieth century researchers began to examine other possible explanations for differences in individual motivation. Some researchers focused on internal drives as an explanation for motivated behavior. Others studied the effect of learning and how individuals base current behavior on the consequences of past behavior. Still others examined the influence of individuals cognitive processes, such as the beliefs they have about future events. Over time, these major theoretical streams of research in motivation were classified into two major schools: the content theories of motivation and the process theories of motivation. (http://www.csb.gov.hk/hkgcb/hrm/pdf.fcle/e-motivation). 2.3 Major Content Theories Content (or need) theories of motivation focus on factors internal to the individual that energize and direct behavior. In general, such theories regard motivation as the product of internal drives that compel an individual to act or move (hence, motivate) toward the satisfaction of individual needs. The content theories of motivation are based in large part on early theories of motivation that traced the paths of action backward to their perceived origin in internal drives. Major content theories of motivation are Maslows hierarchy of needs, Alderfers ERG theory, Herzbergs motivator-hygiene theory, and McClellands learned needs or three-needs theory. (http://www.csb.gov.hk/hkgcb/hrm/pdf.fcle/e-motivation). 2.3.1 Maslows Hierarchy of Needs. Abraham Maslow developed the hierarchy of needs, which suggests that individual needs exist in a hierarchy consisting of physiological needs, security needs, belongingness needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs. Physiological needs are the most basic needs for food, water, and other factors necessary for survival. Security needs include needs for safety in ones physical environment, stability, and freedom from emotional distress. Belongingness needs relate to desires for friendship, love, and acceptance within a given community of individuals. Esteem needs are those associated with obtaining the respect of ones self and others. Finally, self-actualization needs are those corresponding to the achievement ones own potential, the exercising and testing of ones creative capacities, and, in general, to becoming the best person one can possibly be. Unsatisfied needs motivate behavior; thus, lower-level needs such as the physiological and security needs must be met before upper-level needs such as belongingness, esteem, and self-actualization can be motivational. (http://www.csb.gov.hk/hkgcb/hrm/pdf.fcle/e-motivation). Applications of the hierarchy of needs to management and the workplace are obvious. According to the implications of the hierarchy, individuals must have their lower level needs met by, for example, safe working conditions, adequate pay to take care of ones self and ones family, and job security before they will be motivated by increased job responsibilities, status, and challenging work assignments. Despite the ease of application of this theory to a work setting, this theory has received little research support and therefore is not very useful in practice. (http://www.csb.gov.hk/hkgcb/hrm/pdf.fcle/e-motivation). 2.3.2 Alderfer’s Erg Theory. The ERG theory is an extension of Maslows hierarchy of needs. Alderfer suggested that needs could be classified into three categories, rather than five. These three types of needs are existence, relatedness, and growth. Existence needs are similar to Maslows physiological and safety need categories. Relatedness needs involve interpersonal relationships and are comparable to aspects of Maslows belongingness and esteem needs. Growth needs are those related to the attainment of ones potential and are associated with Maslows esteem and self-actualization needs. 1.The ERG theory differs from the hierarchy of needs in that it does not suggest that lower-level needs must be completely satisfied before upper-level needs become motivational. ERG theory also suggests that if an individual is continually unable to meet upper-level needs that the person will regress and lower-level needs become the major determinants of their motivation. ERG theorys implications for managers are similar to those for the needs hierarchy: managers should focus on meeting employees existence, relatedness, and growth needs, though without necessarily applying the proviso that, say, job-safety concerns necessarily take precedence over challenging and fulfilling job requirements. (http://wwww.csb.gov.hk/hkgcb/hrm/pdf). 2.3.3 Motivator-Hygiene Theory. Frederick Herzberg developed the motivator-hygiene theory. This theory is closely related to Maslows hierarchy of needs but relates more specifically to how individuals are motivated in the workplace. Based on his research, Herzberg argued that meeting the lower-level needs (hygiene factors) of individuals would not motivate them to exert effort, but would only prevent them from being dissatisfied. Only if higher-level needs (motivators) were met would individuals be motivated. (http://www.csb.gov.hk/hkgcb/hrm/pdf.fcle/e-motivation). The implication for managers of the motivator-hygiene theory is that meeting employees lower-level needs by improving pay, benefits, safety, and other job-contextual factors will prevent employees from becoming actively dissatisfied but will not motivate them to exert additional effort toward better performance. To motivate workers, according to the theory, managers must focus on changing the intrinsic nature and content of jobs themselves by enriching them to increase employees autonomy and their opportunities to take on additional responsibility, gain recognition, and develop their skills and careers. 2.3.4 Mcclellands Learned Needs Theory. McClellands theory suggests that individuals learn needs from their culture. Three of the primary needs in this theory are the need for affiliation (n Aff), the need for power (n Pow), and the need for achievement (n Ach). The need for affiliation is a desire to establish social relationships with others. The need for power reflects a desire to control ones environment and influence others. The need for achievement is a desire to take responsibility, set challenging goals, and obtain performance feedback. The main point of the learned needs theory is that when one of these needs is strong in a person, it has the potential to motivate behavior that leads to its satisfaction. Thus, managers should attempt to develop an understanding of whether and to what degree their employees have one or more of these needs, and the extent to which their jobs can be structured to satisfy them. (http://www.csb.gov.hk/hkgcb/hrm/pdf.fcle/e-motivation). 2.4 Major Process Theories Process (or cognitive) theories of motivation focus on conscious human decision processes as an explanation of motivation. The process theories are concerned with determining how individual behavior is energized, directed, and maintained in the specifically willed and self-directed human cognitive processes. Process theories of motivation are based on early cognitive theories, which posit that behavior is the result of conscious decision-making processes. The major process theories of motivation are expectancy theory, equity theory, goal-setting theory, and reinforcement theory. (http://www.csb.gov.hk/hkgcb/hrm/pdf.fcle/e-motivation). 2.4.1 Expectancy Theory. In the early 1960s, Victor Vroom applied concepts of behavioral research conducted in the 1930s by Kurt Lewin and Edward Tolman directly to work motivation. Basically, Vroom suggested that individuals choose work behaviors that they believe lead to outcomes they value. In deciding how much effort to put into a work behavior, individuals are likely to consider: †¢Their expectancy, meaning the degree to which they believe that putting forth effort will lead to a given level of performance. †¢Their instrumentality or the degree to which they believe that a given level of performance will result in certain outcomes or rewards. †¢Their valence, which is the extent to which the expected outcomes are attractive or unattractive. All three of these factors are expected to influence motivation in a multiplicative fashion, so that for an individual to be highly motivated, all three of the components of the expectancy model must be high. And, if even one of these is zero (e.g., instrumentality and valence are high, but expectancy is completely absent), the person will have not motivation for the task. Thus, managers should attempt, to the extent possible, to ensure that their employees believe that increased effort will improve performance and that performance will lead to valued rewards. (http://www.csb.gov.hk/hkgcb/hrm/pdf.fcle/e-motivation). In the late 1960s, Porter and Lawler published an extension of the Vroom expectancy model, which is known as the Porter-Lawler expectancy model or simply the Porter-Lawler model. Although the basic premise of the Porter-Lawler model is the same as for Vrooms model, the Porter-Lawler model is more complex in a number of ways. It suggests that increased effort does not automatically lead to improved performance because individuals may not possess the necessary abilities needed to achieve high levels of performance, or because they may have an inadequate or vague perception of how to perform necessary tasks. Without an understanding of how to direct effort effectively, individuals may exert considerable effort without a corresponding increase in performance. (http://www.csb.gov.hk/hkgcb/hrm/pdf.fcle/e-motivation). 2.4.2 Equity Theory. Equity theory suggests that individuals engage in social comparison by comparing their efforts and rewards with those of relevant others. The perception of individuals about the fairness of their rewards relative to others influences their level of motivation. Equity exists when individuals perceive that the ratio of efforts to rewards is the same for them as it is for others to whom they compare themselves. Inequity exists when individuals perceive that the ratio of efforts to rewards is different (usually negatively so) for them than it is for others to whom they compare themselves. There are two types of inequity—under-reward and over-reward. Under-reward occurs when a person believes that she is either puts in more efforts than another, yet receives the same reward, or puts in the same effort as another for a lesser reward. For instance, if an employee works longer hours than her coworker, yet they receive the same salary, the employee would perceive inequity in the form o f under-reward. Conversely, with over-reward, a person will feel that his efforts to rewards ratio is higher than another persons, such that he is getting more for putting in the same effort, or getting the same reward even with less effort. While research suggests that under-reward motivates individuals to resolve the inequity, research also indicates that the same is not true for over-reward. Individuals who are over-rewarded often engage in cognitive dissonance, convincing themselves that their efforts and rewards are equal to anothers. (http://www.csb.gov.hk/hkgcb/hrm/pdf.fcle/e-motivation). According to the equity theory, individuals are motivated to reduce perceived inequity. Individuals may attempt to reduce inequity in various ways. A person may change his or her level of effort; an employee who feels under-rewarded is likely to work less hard. A person may also try to change his or her rewards, such as by asking for a raise. Another option is to change the behavior of the reference person, perhaps by encouraging that person to put forth more effort. Finally, a person experiencing inequity may change the reference person and compare him or herself to a different person to assess equity. For managers, equity theory emphasizes the importance of a reward system that is perceived as fair by employees. (http://www.csb.gov.hk/hkgcb/hrm/pdf.fcle/e-motivation). 2.4.3 Goal-Setting Theory. The goal-setting theory posits that goals are the most important factors affecting the motivation and behavior of employees. This motivation theory was developed primarily by Edwin Locke and Gary Latham. Goal-setting theory emphasizes the importance of specific and challenging goals in achieving motivated behavior. Specific goals often involve quantitative targets for improvement in a behavior of interest. Research indicates that specific performance goals are much more effective than those in which a person is told to do your best. Challenging goals are difficult but not impossible to attain. Empirical research supports the proposition that goals that are both specific and challenging are more motivational than vague goals or goals that are relatively easy to achieve. (http://www.csb.gov.hk/hkgcb/hrm/pdf.fcle/e-motivation). Several factors may moderate the relationship between specific and challenging goals and high levels of motivation. The first of these factors is goal commitment, which simply means that the more dedicated the individual is to achieving the goal, the more they will be motivated to exert effort toward goal accomplishment. Some research suggests that having employees participate in goal setting will increase their level of goal commitment. A second factor relevant to goal-setting theory is self-efficacy, which is the individuals belief that he or she can successfully complete a particular task. If individuals have a high degree of self-efficacy, they are likely to respond more positively to specific and challenging goals than if they have a low degree of self-efficacy. (http://www.csb.gov.hk/hkgcb/hrm/pdf.fcle/e-motivation). 2.4.4 Reinforcement Theory. This theory can be traced to the work of the pioneering behaviorist B.F. Skinner. It is considered a motivation theory as well as a learning theory. Reinforcement theory posits that motivated behavior occurs as a result of reinforces, which are outcomes resulting from the behavior that makes it more likely the behavior will occur again. This theory suggests that it is not necessary to study needs or cognitive processes to understand motivation, but that it is only necessary to examine the consequences of behavior. Behavior that is reinforced is likely to continue, but behavior that is not rewarded or behavior that is punished is not likely to be repeated. Reinforcement theory suggests to managers that they can improve employees performance by a process of behavior modification in which they reinforce desired behaviors and punish undesired behaviors. (http://www.csb.gov.hk/hkgcb/hrm/pdf.fcle/e-motivation). 2.5 People Motivation- Non – financial Notes Most business recognizes the need for non- financial methods of motivation. The main ones are described briefly below. 2.5.1 Job Enlargement Job enlargement involves adding extra, similar tasks to a job. In job enlargement, the job itself remains essentially unchanged. However, by widening the range of tasks that need to be performed, hopefully the employees will experience less repetition and monotony. With job enlargement, the employees rarely need to acquire new skills to carry out the additional task. A possible negative effect is that job enlargement can be viewed by employees as a requirement to carry out more work for the same pay. (http://tutor ). 2.5.2 Job Rotation Job rotation involves the movement of employees through a range of jobs in order to increase interest and motivation. For example, an administrative employee might spent part of the week looking after the reception area of business, dealing with customers and enquires. Some time might then be spent manning the company telephone switch board and then inputting data onto a database. Job rotation may offer the advantage of making it easier to cover for absent colleagues, but it may also reduce productivity as workers are initially unfamiliar with a new task. Job rotation also often involves the need for extra training. (http://tutor ). 2.5.3 Job enrichment Job enrichment attempts to give employees greater responsibility by increasing the range and complexity of tasks they are asked to do and giving them the necessary authority. It motivates by giving employees the opportunity to use their abilities to the fullest. Successful job enrichment almost always requires further investment in employee training. (http://tutor ). 2.5.4 Team Working and Empowerment Empowerment involves giving people greater control over their working lives. Organizing the labour force into team with degree of autonomy can achieve this. This means that employees plan their own work, take their own decision and solve their own problems. Teams are set targets to achieve and may receive and may receive rewards for doing so. Empowerment teams are an increasingly popular method of organizing employees at work. (http://tutor ).

The Development Of The Iphone Marketing Essay

The Development Of The Iphone Marketing Essay The iPhone is a line of smartphones designed and marketed by Apple Inc. Apple Inc is a US company based and the iPhone runs Apples iOS mobile operating system, originally named iPhone OS. The first iPhone was released on June 29, 2007 the most recent iPhone, the 6th-generation iPhone 5, was released on September 21, 2012. The user interface is built around the devices multi-touch screen, including a virtual keyboard rather than a physical one. The iPhone has Wi-Fi and cellular connectivity (2G, 3G and 4G (iPhone 5 only). It was a mobile phone, but like nothing the world had ever seen before. It was revolutionary and would change the way people interacted with the world forever. This phenomenon of a smartphone called iPhone started five and a half years ago, when Steve Jobs took the stage at MacWorld and introduced iPhone to the world. iPhone was designed with 100% of screen without a keypad button and it was created to Apples head of design, Jonathan Ive. Along the revolution of iPhone, starting with the iPhone 3G, it came bundled with a range of apps which something that never been offered by any other phones previously. This included Google Maps, YouTube, Stocks, Weather, Games and thousands more which are still seen on iPhones today. This apps impressed the world where various of things can be done at just a finger tips. iPhone Characteristics The Apple Iphone is showing better sales and brand recognition because of product characteristics. There are several great and special characteristics to the iPhone: Innovative   has an innovative touch screen that is specially patented and the function is extended from other mobile. Quality   iPhone is built with most scratch resistant screens and has a fine metallic finish that is durable and light. The software suite is also resistance to computer viruses. Functionality iPhone evolve from one generation to another. The function will increase and extend for each development. The function and features is further discussed in the topic of Development of iphone. Appearance The sleek styling of the iPhone gives the device its characteristic appearance. The design and size of iPhone are able to capture attention of customer because of its stylish and elegant design. Data Transform and communication unified Speed up smart decisions with application that enable you to track a range of business activities, monitor current sales figures, generate reports, analyze business data and make approvals Transform iPhone into an office phone by connecting to your organizations telephony infrastructure. It is also able to make calls over a Wi-Fi network and manage sophisticated call handling. iPhone Target Market Professional and Corporate Business Users iPhone is a well-known brand for business people. Existing software is well established and compatible with many products for this market. The market is familiar with Palm products; significant switching costs are involved in going to an iPhone. These people need iPhone to coordinate their busy schedules and communicate with colleagues, friends and family. Coprorate People like from World Wide Technology are significantly rely on iPhone to communicate, coordinate to each other and maintain network infrastructures in the field. Students iPhone secondary consumer targets are high school, college and graduate students who need one portable multifunction device. Mainly this market will be replacing their iPod and cell phone with the iPhone. Age targeted group range are from 15 to 25 years. Young and successful male According to Solutions Research Group, the average iPhone customer is a 31-year-old man with a college degree and an income of $75,600 per year. A salary 26 percent higher than the American average.Almost half (43 percent) of all likely buyers lived in technically adept states such as California and New York, but only 28 percent were female. Younger buyers dominated, with 63 percent aged 34 or younger. Successful younger men were the target audience that Apple had focused on. One month prior to the release of the iPhone, Solutions Research Group profiled a cross-section of those aware of the phone. The forecast of potential buyers for the day of the release ranked a majority of T-Mobile customers, ATTs only GSM-based product competitor, at 15%. The second largest group expected to purchase the new iPhone was ATTs existing customer base, at 12%. The Solutions Research Group also found that 72% of males, versus 28% of women were most likely to investigate the phone at its minimum price of $499. The obvious current target audiences for the Apple iPhone include young people between the ages of 20 and 35. iPhone Marketing Strategy As with all Apple marketing, the iPhone marketing strategy is very clear, simple and clever. With the plain and simple apple icon, Apple focuses on the pure innovative style of their products. The ground-breaking style of the iPhone was touted for months before the initial release and has remained the best of the best when it comes to cell phones over the past several years. Before the iPhones official release, Apple ran four television commercials promoting the new cell phone. The first of the commercials portrays the new iPhone as the next step up from the popular iPod. The first four iPhone commercials flaunted the convenience, innovation, and usefulness of a single product with the functionality of not only a phone, or a music device, but a product that can, among other things, listen to music, watch videos, view photos, make conference calls, check e-mail, browse the web, and view maps. Development of the iPhone The first generation In 2007, Apple introduced another outstanding product, the iPhone. The first edition of iPhone was launch on January 9, 2007, at the Moscone Center in San Francisco. During that time, it is described as a revolutionary product since it is literally five years ahead of any other mobile phone. There are two initial models that had been ready to be marketed. 4GB model and 8GB model went on sale being fully marketed by 2008. The principal advantage of the iPhone was the way it could use software applications. These software applications delivered similar content to the iPhone that was in iTunes. The iPhone had the capabilities of the iPod and would synchronize when connected to a computer. iPhone 3G iPhone 3GS iPhone are then further developed to iPhone 3G. This new model was launched on July 11, 2008 in eighty countries and territories. And on June 8, 2009, Apple once again announce the release of iPhone 3GS along with plans to fully marketed it in U.S., Canada and major European countries. The enhancement from first generation iPhone to iPhone is more in term of physical features such as size, weight and memory storage, while, development of iPhone 3G to iPhone 3GS has improve in term of operating system and processor. iPhone 4G iPhone 4GS iPhone 4G was released on February 10, 2011. The marketing point of iPhone 4G is using video calling feature (Apple promote it as FaceTime) as main strong points compared to other competitors and it predecessors. The iPhone 4 runs using the same operating system used on Apples product such as prior iPhones, the iPad, and the iPod Touch which is the iOS operating system. The unique design of iPhone 4 compared to the last 3 generation is that it incorporates an uninsulated stainless steel frame that acts as the devices antenna. Later, on October 4, 2011, the fifth generation of the iPhone has been released. It retains the exterior design of the iPhone 4, but new application voice recognition system known as Siri and a cloud storage service named iCloud is introduced. iPhone 5 Introduction to the sixth generation iPhone is announced on September 12, 2012. Among all the iPhone that has been released, the iPhone 5 shows the most significant change in physical features. The phone portrays a slimmer, lighter model that introduces a higher-resolution, 4-inch screen to the series and the chip is 22 percent smaller than the iPhone. Despite of that, it is twice as fast, doubling the graphics performance of its. It is also operating using the new Apples mobile operating system known as iOS 6. Competitors Although iPhone has become a phenomenon in world of mobile, there is a few close competitors that can be directly compared with iPhones and giving customers a second though. The two closest competitors to the iPhone is Samsung Galaxy S-III and Nokia Lumia 920. Samsung Galaxy S-III The Samsung Galaxy S-III was unveiled on 3 May 2012 in London and officially released in 28 European and Middle Eastern countries on 29 May 2012, before being progressively released in other major markets in June 2012. It was designed using the concept of touchscreen, slate-format Android smartphone and marketed by Samsung Electronics. Samsung Galaxy S III is a extended and improved version of Samsung Galaxy S II. It includes additional software features, expanded hardware, and a redesigned. The S III uses quad-core processor, and employs interesting features such as intelligent personal assistant, eye-tracking ability, increased storage, and a wireless charging option. Nokia Lumia 920 Nokia Lumia 920 is a smartphone manufactured and marketed by Nokia. It begins to be available at the market starting on September 5, 2012. The interesting features portray by Nokia Lumia 920 is it has a 1.5  GHz dual-core Qualcomm Krait CPU and a 4.5 IPS TFT LCD display. It is also built with a high-sensitivity capacitive touchscreen covered by curved Gorilla Glass. Using Windows Phone 8 as the operating system, Nokia Lumia 920 does have its own attraction especially to working users. It supports inductive charging (it can be charged by being placed directly onto a charging pad) compatible with Qi Inductive Charging. One of the advantage is it features an 8.7 megapixel PureView camera with optical image stabilization for still images and videos. It comes with 32GB internal storage, but the only disadvantage is it has no card slot. Memory is limited to the built-in storage only. Malaysia Context Market Structure Demand Supply Pricing Strategy Elasticity Market structure By analyzing the straits of iPhone such as the price setting, competitors and product differentiation, it is shown that iPhone display an oligopoly market structure. Oligopoly market structure is when the market is dominated by a few numbers of sellers, which each offer similar or identical products. Factors that classified iPhone into oligopoly market structure are:- Entry and exit The barriers of entrance are high. iPhone had to face challenges such as economies of scale, patents, access to expensive materials and complex technology. There might be also restriction from government regulation resulting difficulties for new firms to enter the market. Number of firms There are only few firms that involve in producing the similar products. iPhone is currently competing with several smart phone models such as Samsung Galaxy S-III, produce by Samsung and also Nokia Lumia 960 manufactured by Nokia. These are the companies that the action of one will influence the others in terms of profits. If Apple decide to change its pricing structure for iPhone, it will bring impact all oligopolies firms profit collection. Demand and Supply Looking at a Malaysia context, Apple iPhone can be considered as a luxury and premium product. iPhone arrived Malaysia somewhere in the first quarter of 2009, and it was brought in by telecommunication company, Maxis and later followed by DiGi and recently Celcom. With its unique features and designs it attracts the market accordingly. iPhone has revolves over time through their features, design characteristics and so on. This will be discussed later under the development of iPhone. The quantity demanded of any good is the amount of the good that buyers are willing and able to purchase. Apple received quite an impressive demand for their product namely iPhone. Up to date, Celcom Axiata has revealed to MalaysianWireless early this month that it has got over 190,000 active iPhone users in their network. In comparison to Celcom, it is believed that Maxis has some 4 million smartphones users where about 60% of them are using prepaid. Meanwhile, DiGi claims that it has over 5.5 million mobile internet users. Both Maxis and DiGi have not revealed their actually breakdown on numbers or type of smartphones users in their network yet. The figures revealed by Celcom show a tremendous demand and supply as compared to a study done in 2010 where only about 132,228 users of iPhone. With this figures, we could see the demand of an iPhone in Malaysia had increase from time to time. In the law of demand, it says that the lower the price of a good, the larger is the quantity demanded and the higher the price of good, the smaller is the quantity demanded holding other variables constant. Generally in an economic form, if Apple increases the price of iPhone, quantity demanded of the Apple product will be decrease. This is because iPhone is considered as luxuries goods where people can still live without using a smart phone. A rational consumer will tend to choose for substitution brand such as Samsung or Nokia Lumia which produce a most likely the same product. Therefore, an increase of price will decrease the demand of a good. In other words, the price elasticity of demand for Apple product is elastic whereby increase in price will result a huge reduction on the quantity demanded of the good. This statement can be supported through the graph below. Price of iPhone (RM) Quantity of iPhone (units) P2 P1 Q1 Q2 The graph above shows the relation between the price and demand of the iPhone. Assume that the price of a iPhone increased and the demand for the iPhone is elastic. Initially the market price of iPhone is set at P1 and the quantity of demand is set at Q1. When there is an increase of price, there will be movement along the demand curve. The price will goes up from P1 to P2. Increase of price will decrease the quantity demand of the iPhone because people will look for substitution brand. Therefore, quantity demand will decrease from Q1 to Q2. From the above drawing, we can see that the demand curve is flatter. This is because changes of price will leads to a bigger impact on the changes of the quantity demand. Pricing Strategy On the 26 June 2007, the share price of Apple fell by 2 per cent on the face of it a fairly trivial event except that it was about to launch (exclusively in the USA) the arguably most-hyped mobile device in history known as the iPhone. The iPhone is a variant of what are generally categorised as smartphones, As smartphones go, the iPhone was not unduly expensive at $499 for the entry level model, nor was the scale of monthly service charges which were set between $60 and $100 in conjunction with a two-year contract. But the Apple shareholders were edgy: the value of Apple had risen by $34 billion since the iPhone had been announced to the world and they stood to lose much of their gains if the iPhone proved to be a one-week wonder   Prices1st generation 4G iPhone $499, 8G iPhone $599.Current iPhone 4 16G $199, 32G $299 with two year contract.iPhone 3GS still available at ATT for $49 with two year contract. iPhone combines three products, is a revolutionary mobile phone, a widescreen iPod with touch controls, and a breakthrough Internet communications device with desktop-class email, web browsing, maps, and searching- into one small and lightweight handheld device. iPhone also introduces an entirely new user interface based on a large multi-touch display and pioneering new software, letting you control everything with just your fingers. So it ushers in an era of software power and sophistication never before seen in a mobile device, completely redefining what you can do on a mobile phone. Loyalty the iPhone is oriented more toward to the entertainment market than to the business market. 0 Q1 Q2 R Total Revenue (RM) Quantity of iPhone (units) Maximum Total RevenueAn oligopoly is like monopolistic competition where it lies between perfect competition and monopoly. Apple who produced iPhone which is identical to some other smartphones in the market need to stay aware of the pricing strategy that best suits them in order to retain the loyal consumers. On top of that, before setting up a price of the product, they have to aware whether the demand on their product is elastic or inelastic in the market. If the demand of their product is elastic in the market, setting up a higher price on the product might cause them to lose customer. In brief, demand elasticity will affect the total revenue of a company. From the theory of economics, a luxury product will always have an elastic demand. However, Apple understood the theory and they applied with their pricing strategy. This is vital for them to preserves their markets value until today. Apple understands the market demand very well and they always brings the new features and new design to attract the market. The graph below will show the relation between the price cut and total revenue. Suppose the demand of iPhone is elastic, the total revenue will increases as there is a price cut as shown at the left area of the graph. If the demand of iPhone is inelastic, the total revenue will decrease if there is a price cut as shown at the right area of the graph. When the demand of iPhone is at the unit of elastic, the maximum of total revenue can be achieved as shown at the highest point of the revenue curve. Conclusion It is undeniable that iPhone has a very unique and good market value as the company has developed very well. This is due to good business strategies such having the highest prices and lowest unit costs in the industry. The price of an iPhone is most likely the same from time to time and from our group point of view, the price elasticity of demand on iPhone in Malaysia is not elastic but it is inelastic in reality. The tremendous users of iPhone from 2010 to 2012 as discussed earlier proved this statement well. iPhone have its own loyal consumers and the product are recognized by public thus increasing of price for the new launched of iPhone will not really affect the sales in the market. For those who are affordable, they will still demand for the iPhone instead of other competitors. The features and unique design that attracts the consumers instead of the price. This is due to Apple as a premium brand, trusted quality and the worth-to-buy that lies behind it. On top of that, iPhone in Malaysia are being sold by telecommunication providers such as Maxis, DiGi and Celcom. These telecommunication providers offer installment payment together with the data plan as part of the marketing strategy. This makes iPhone affordable as consumers able to settle the payment in a longer period. Due to their secrecy, innovation, branding and product to product connectivity and compatibility, iPhone is the most sought after mobile device and is the market leader in the mobile market.

JP Morgan Essay -- essays papers

JP Morgan John Pierpont Morgan is considered one of the founding fathers of the modern United States economy. He was an industrial genius that is accredited with the founding of many companies including General Electric and AT&T. However, Pierpont is looked upon as a saint and demon the same. He received a honorary degree from Harvard university that read: "Public citizen, patron of literature and art, prince among merchants, who by his skill, wisdom and courage, has twice in times of stress repelled a national danger of financial panic." But Robert LaFollette, the Wisconsin progressive, saw him as "a beefy, red-faced thick-necked financial bully, drunk with wealth and power." Despite conflicting opinion on his persona, his influence and character shaped the business world more so than any other person at the turn of the century. Morgan was a banker, railroad czar, industrialist, financier, philanthropist, yachtsman, and ladies' man. He was king to a handful of millionaire barons who contro lled the country's wealth in an era of little government regulation. The wealth of the Morgan family did not begin with Pierpont but with his grandfather Joseph Morgan. Joseph prospered as a hotelkeeper in Hartford, Connecticut. He helped to organize a canal company, steamboat lines and the new railroad that connected Hartford with Springfield. Finally he became one of the founders of the Aetna Fire Insurance Company. Joseph's first son was Junius Spencer Morgan, also destined for the life of a businessman. He spent a number of years as a dry-goods merchant before moving to Boston and into the foreign trade business. Junius was invited to join the firm of George Peabody & Co. in 1854. In 1864 Junius took over the Peabody Company and changed the name to J.S. Morgan & Co. John Pierpont Morgan was born on April 17, 1837 in Hartford, Connecticut. He was nicknamed "Pip" by his childhood friends. The family prospered in Hartford until Junius moved the family to Boston where Pip began Boston English High. He did well in the prestigious high school and then in his second high school in Vevey, Switzerland. The family moved to London and John transferred to the University of Gottingen in Germany. John continued to excel in his studies and majored in mathematics. He began to become interested in business affairs as he started and investing club amongst his friends and... ...l Company, the National Tube Company and the American Bridge Company. One of Morgan's most famous business deals was the formation of the United States Steel Corporation in 1901. Morgan collaborated with Elbert Gary and John Gates to consolidate different steel companies to form a "supercombination." The U.S Steel Corporation was Bibliography: Allen, Frederick Lewis. The Great Pierpont Morgan. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1949. Grant, Peter. "The Giant J.P. Morgan and The Panic of 1907." The New York Daily News 20 Mar. 1998: 49 "J. P. Morgan". Dictionary of American Biography. New York: Charles Scribners and Sons, 1934. Vol. 7 "J. P. Morgan". International Directory of Company Histories. Chicago: St. James's Publishing, 1990. Vol. 2 Mooney, Richard. "Banker of America." The Boston Globe 4 Apr. 1999: L1 "Powerful house of Morgan Changes with the Times." The San Diego Union-Tribune 24 Feb. 1986: 18 Sinclair, Andrew. Corsair: The Life of J. Pierpont Morgan. Toronto: Little, Brown and Company, 1981. Strouse, Jean. Morgan: American Financier. New York: Random House, 1999. Winkler, John. Morgan the Magnificent. New York: Garden City Publishing, 1930. www.jpmorgan.com

Enhancing Positive Thinking Essay -- Social Work

This research will include a pilot intervention program called Think Positive-Live Positive (TPLP), for young teens alongside with parental involvement, which will use cognitive behavioral techniques to teach children to identify the negative aspects of various situations and adjust successfully. The aim will be to help children modify their thoughts, focus on the positive perspectives of each event, and cope with negativity using positive and adaptable solutions. In addition, the intervention program will teach parents how to interact better with their children, and aims to make them good and understanding coaches. To measure children’s positivity, and negativity, the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) will be used ahead of the intervention and at the end to compare results. The theoretical and CBT activities that this intervention program will use are from a research based self-help book â€Å"What to Do When You Grumble Too Much - A Kid's Guide to Overcoming Neg ativity† by Huebner (PhD). Additional CBT exercises will be used for more results input and for children to gain a better understanding of the learned skills. The purpose of this intervention is to investigate whether the children and parents participating will enjoy, meaningfully discuss amongst them, and understand how to use these skills to help them. In this pilot intervention, three children (11-13 year-old) and one or both parents of each child will voluntary participate in a 6 hourly TPLP intervention sessions, 2 times per week, over a period of 4 weeks. The sessions will include PowerPoint presentations with audio and vivid illustrations, interactive and guided exercises, discussions and practice using the learned skills. Considering today's fast moving li... ...nal of Excellence, 7, 54-66. Gillham, J.E, & Reivich, K.J. (2007). The Penn Resiliency Program Curriculum. University of Pennsylvania. Huebner, D. (2007). What to Do When You Grumble Too Much - A Kid's Guide to Overcoming Negativity. Washington, DC: Magnitation press. Orlick, T. (2001). Nurturing positive-living skills for children: Feeding the heart and soul of humanity. Journal of Excellence. Partridge & Orlick (2008). Positive Living Skills for Teenagers: A Youth Intervention. Journal of Performance Education. Steinberg, L. (2001). We know some things: Parent-adolescent relations in retrospect and prospect. Journal of Research in Adolescence, 11(1), 1-19. Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988b). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS Scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 1063–1070.

Hertzsprung-russell Diagram :: essays research papers

The Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram or, the H-R Diagram for short, is a graph which plots stars according to their temperature and absolute magnitude. This graph reveals a pattern, which in fact is quite interesting. The H-R Diagram is named for the two astronomers, Ejnar Hertzsprung and Henry Russell, who discovered this pattern of stars. These two astronomers independently discovered that comparing magnitudes and spectral class (color) of stars yielded a lot of information about them. One key purpose of the H-R diagram is to show the relationship between temperature and absolute magnitude of stars. The type of temperature measurement used is Kelvin, where the zero point is equal to -273.16 C. On the H-R Diagram, the temperature of degrees Kelvin ranges from 3,000 to 30,000. The absolute magnitude of stars on the H-R Diagram ranges from +15 to -10. Absolute magnitude is how bright stars would appear if they were positioned at 32.6 light years away from earth. On this scale, the lower the number, the brighter the star. Thus, a start with an absolute magnitude of -10 would be much brighter than a star with an absolute magnitude of +15. The two astronomers found many patterns after developing their graph. They found that 90% of stars graphed fell within a band that ran through the middle of the graph. These stars range from cool, dim, red stars at the lower right of the H-R Diagram to hot, bright, blue stars at the upper left corner of the H-R Diagram. The stars that fall into to this band are known as main-sequence stars. Stars such as the sun, and almost every start visible in the night sky fall within this band of main sequence stars. There is another group of stars which are cool and bright that appear near the upper right corner of the H-R Diagram. These stars are very large and therefore have very big surface areas. These large surface areas give off large amounts of light and this makes the stars bright. Most of these stars are known as red giants. Some are so large however that they are referred to as supergiants. Red giants have a temperature of about 3,500 degrees Kelvin and an absolute magnitude of around 0. Supergiants have a temperature of around 3,000 degrees Kelvin and an absolute magnitude of about -7. Another group of stars, which are rather small, is found near the bottom left of the H-R Diagram.

English Translation of Chinese Neologisms from the Perspective

1. Introduction Language is dynamic. Every day there are new words coming into use in languages and there are many others fading away from lexicon. Chinese, one of the oldest languages in the world, still possesses this dynamism. Language serves as a tool of communication and interaction, thus it reflects the social changes, and meanwhile social changes find their expressions in language, which leads to the advent of neologisms. The appearances of new inventions, new technologies, new ideas and new social phenomena are capable of bringing neologisms into languages.In the twentieth century, Chinese neologism has undergone three stages: the first stage was from 1919, after the May 4th Movement; the second stage was from the establishment of People’s Republic of China to 1978; the third stage began with the policy of reform and opening-up. Entering into the new century, the development of society has hasted their paces and the communication between centuries becomes more frequent . Language is witnessing the changes. During recent years, an increasing number of new words has been adopted into Chinese.Therefore, as the translator, he or she shoulders the responsibility of translating the new words properly in order to convey the Chinese culture to other countries, and this has proved to be a great challenge. Though there are many dictionaries and handbooks which study Chinese neologisms and the translation of Chinese neologisms, the study of neologism translation is far from enough. This thesis will discuss the translation strategies in order to accomplish the translation of Chinese neologisms efficiently by adopting the theoretical foundation of Eugene A.Nida’s Functional Equivalence. The thesis is divided into six parts. The first part is introduction; the second part focuses on the origins and characteristics of Chinese neologism; the third part puts its emphasis on the theoretical basis—Functional Equivalence, which was proposed by the famou s American translation theorist Eugene A. Nida; the fourth part discusses the respective translation strategies under the guidance of the translation theory. The fifth part talks about the existing problems in neologism translation and how to solve these problems.Last part is a conclusion of the whole thesis. Neologisms emerged in the new century especially new words of 2008 will be adopted as main examples, because they are endowed with fresher and richer contents and reflect the characteristics of new era more evidently. The examples and their translations are quoted mainly from China Daily, Global Times and official translation versions of political documents. This thesis will not specify the respective source of each neologism.

Arctic cap melting

The article vo frosts concerns oer the unprecedented rapid pace of safety cap melting. However, the melting process itself poses lesser danger to the Earth ecosystem as compared with the feedback mechanisms frosty drinking glass is involved in. These feedback mechanisms contribute to international warming in three distinct ways.As ice melts, the territory of open marine irrigate increases. Water has lower reflectivity, or albedo, as compared to ice. This position entails that water absorbs 80 percent more solar beam than sea ice does. Thus, the sun warms the nautical more quickly, and this process results in a vicious circle speeding up global warming.The second way ice melting accelerates climate change is associated with the fact that oceans absorb about half the nose candy dioxide that humans emit into the atmosphere. Yet their world power to absorb nose candy dioxide is diminished by the increase in oceans temperature because the gas dissolves less readily in warmer water. Furthermore, warming of oceans implies less flux between deep and surface waters the process that provides nutrients to plankton that absorb ascorbic acid dioxide.Fin all in ally, ice melting entails rotting of organic progeny contained in the permafrost. This process involves the release of carbon dioxide and methane into the Earth atmosphere. Warming also affects wetlands and forests desiccating peat bogs and do beetle infestation that kills pine forest.More wildfires blow over in dead or death forests, and the process of combustion emits huge quantities of carbon into the atmosphere.All these alarming signs call for a coupled and consistent action by all environmental activists and everyone keen on prudence our planet.

PoP Culture Trend and Media Essay

When I was a child, wholly I wanted was to be a doctor. I obeyed my parents, studied hard, and played around every(prenominal) at once in a while. I had my unreserved ambitions and simple let outlooks. I lived a simple life. Today, however, you bear contract any child about his ambition and he would intimately alikely tell you that he would be a Dennis Rodman someday, or a Britney Spears if it was a she youve happened to ask. other possible scenario could be that the child youd like to ask wouldnt even talk to you because he/she is too busy with his/her cellular phone, Gameboy Advance, i-pod nanno, or individual(prenominal) computer.Looking at this everyday situation, my father had constantly been asking me what is happening to this generation. This picture had to a fault been a soda ashular topic for homeroom or sociology classes, and online debates. Each of these discussions, however, boils big bucks to a special K phrase club soda assimilation. knock down Culture, or best-selling(predicate) Culture, is the set of customs, beliefs, set, arts, and entertainment common to massive sectors of the society.(http//www.cobb.k12.ga.us/smitha/PopIndex.htm). Oftentimes, it results from the everyday interactions, needs and desires, and cultural moments of the mainstream. (http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/electronic_media). It is important that we examine the prevailing Pop Culture as it nates shape peoples beliefs, values system, and attitudes since trendy music, movies, television programs, and fads often mirror the outlooks and sort of the masses.James E. Combs recognized even in 1984 that universal Culture is so much a break down of our lives that we cannot deny its break inmental powers. Like formal precept or family rearing, emergeular goal is part of our erudition environment. Though our washing soda culture education is informal-we ordinarily do not attend to pop culture for its educational value. It nevertheless provides us with informati on and images upon which we develop our opinions and attitudes. We would not be what we are, nor would our society be sort of the same, without the impact of popular culture. (Combs 1984).Nowadays however, an additional broker to the power of popular culture and to the importance of evaluating its set up is technological advancement. Specifically, electronic media has be uprise a cocksucker to further elevate the influence of pop culture, in an ever faster and unstoppable way, to all corners of the world.Electronic media are those communications mediums which are based on electronic or electromechanical means of ware and most often distinguished from print media. The aboriginal electronic media sources familiar to the general public world(a) include radio, sound recordings, television, video recording, and streaming mesh content. (http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic media).Personally, I bring forth been most fond of surfing the internet, watching television programs and movies, audition to contemporary and pop music through radio, cd player, and i-pod, playing computer games, and messaging through cellular phones, any for educational or entertainment purposes. I am now aware that most of my pedestals have been influenced by the things that I watch, read, and listen to thats why I have been trying to balance out my views by patronizing different sources of information.My most poignant realization was that pop culture has affected my viewpoint on what is beautiful. Seeing models and actors who are almost perfect tense and worshipped everyday and everywhere has blinded me into considering bang as skinny, 36-24-36 for females, and hunky, tall, and handsome for males. Everything else that did not replicate what pop culture has embedded on me seemed merely normal, or worse, ugly. I very much think that this has withal been the case for majority of the people in this generation, what with the digit of anorexics and bulimics, and steroid users ris ing up to an alarming train internationally.Social responsibleness and morality had also been by and large affected by todays pop culture. The case of pornography that has been very widespread, moreover in the advent of the internet and camera phones, is just an example. The supposition of privacy has also been oftentimes mutilated either consciously or unconsciously through electronic means propagated by pop culture. Relationships have also been builded and shattered in the blink of an eye as a result of the prevailing culture and technology. Gossips and hatchet job had also been most common and aggravated these days, usually spreading worldwide in a split-second.These, however, can either be conscious or unconscious. It can be conscious in the part of the companies who bring about these kinds of trend to gain profits in the recitation of their technology. It can also be unconscious or subconscious in both sides especially now that these trends have already been inculcated i n the societys culture.It must be noted though that pop culture, aside from its comm entirely criticized negative influences, also has contributed irresponsible effects to the society. In the negative matters, social responsibility and civility must draw the line. This can only be done by a more conscious meditation and evaluation of the popular culture that is being imposed upon us. As human beings, we were stipulation the capability to analyze the things that are going on around us. And we should.As for the trend in pop culture that had greatly influenced me, I have already mentioned that it is the way that I viewed beauty. Upon analysis, I have come to a conclusion that it had been a result of both my personal desires as a consumer, and the medias making. Popular culture, in general, does not only result from the corporations commercial pursuits. I believe that it is a mixture of the continuous interaction of the consumers and suppliers in every society.ReferencesCombs, James E. PolpopPolitics and Popular Culture In America. University of Wisconsin Pr. 1984http//www.cobb.k12.ga.us/smitha/PopIndex.htmhttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_mediahttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic media